History | Conversatori

Divine Disruptor—Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc was not merely a saint or soldier, but a teenage visionary who redefined authority by acting on conviction rather than credential. Her life reveals how belief, when strategically embodied, can disrupt institutions, hierarchies, and historical trajectories. In the Divine Disrupter tradition, Joan endures as proof that transformative power often enters the world without permission. Joan of Arc is often embalmed in myth: the armor, the banner, the flames. But strip away the stained glass and Joan emerges as something far more unsettling—and far more modern. A rural teenager with no pedigree disrupted church authority, military hierarchy, and political power without wealth, rank, or institutional permission. In today’s language, Joan wasn’t simply a saint; Joan was a founder. A visionary who launched an idea so destabilizing it reorganized a nation.

Amanda Hicok

Divine Disrupter—Moses

Moses is best understood as a reluctant but transformative leader who disrupts political, social, and spiritual systems in the name of liberation. His humanity—hesitation, anger, doubt, and perseverance—makes him a lasting model for imperfect leadership under impossible pressure. He continues to come up in conversation whenever people grapple with responsibility, justice, and the cost of leading change. Moses is often remembered as a marble-statue prophet—staff raised, beard flowing—but he’s better understood as a divine disrupter: a reluctant leader who keeps interrupting the status quo, including his own plans. His story doesn’t begin with confidence or destiny, but with survival—hidden in a basket, adopted into power, and raised between two identities. From the start, Moses lives in the in-between, which is exactly what makes him so destabilizing to empires and so relatable to modern readers.

Elizabeth Cochran

Meet That Philosopher: Confucius

Confucius was a philosopher of everyday life, focused on relationships, moral character, and social harmony rather than abstract metaphysics. His ideas about education, leadership, and emotional responsibility still surface in conversations about work, politics, and personal conduct. In a noisy modern world, Confucius offers a philosophy of quiet consistency—and a reminder that how we treat people is the foundation of everything else. Confucius tends to show up in conversation at moments when people are talking about respect, social harmony, or why modern life feels oddly rude—often over dinner, at work, or during a debate about education. Born in 551 BCE in what is now China, Confucius was not a mystic locked away in a cave but a teacher, bureaucrat, and restless thinker deeply concerned with how humans treat one another in everyday life. His philosophy wasn’t about escaping the world—it was about fixing it, patiently and relationally.

Elizabeth Cochran

Divine Disrupter—Zoroaster

This article explores the enduring intellectual legacy of Zarathustra, the ancient Persian prophet who redefined human agency through the lens of cosmic dualism. By shifting the focus from ritual sacrifice to ethical accountability, he became history’s first great "disruptor," influencing the world's major religions and modern philosophy alike. Understanding Zarathustra allows us to see our daily choices as vital contributions to a universal struggle between truth and chaos. Long before the Silicon Valley set claimed "disruption" as a corporate mantra, a Bronze Age priest named Zarathustra (or Zoroaster) was busy dismantling the celestial status quo. He didn't just tweak the existing polytheistic machinery of ancient Iran; he threw a wrench into the gears of the cosmic machine. By asserting that the universe was a binary battleground between light and dark, he turned every human being from a pawn of capricious gods into a high-stakes free agent. To invite Zarathustra into a modern…

Elizabeth Cochran

From Shopping Malls to Ecommerce—The History

Shopping evolved from malls as social hubs to ecommerce as a personalized, efficiency-driven experience. This shift reflects broader changes in suburban life, technology, and how we define convenience and identity. While malls fade and ecommerce dominates, the future of shopping lies in hybrid spaces that balance connection with ease. For much of the 20th century, the shopping mall was not just a place to buy things—it was a social ecosystem. Anchored by department stores and padded with food courts, malls offered climate control, safety, and a sense of occasion. Teenagers flirted near fountains, retirees power-walked before opening hours, and families treated errands like an outing. Shopping was public, performative, and deeply tied to the rhythms of suburban life.

Elizabeth Cochran

Christmas History Refresher

Christmas traditions—from trees to stockings to Santa—are far more recent and improvised than we tend to remember. Each symbol grew from a blend of ancient rituals, Christian storytelling, Victorian marketing, and modern reinvention. What endures is not the historical accuracy but the emotional meaning: a season built to spark hope, warmth, and connection. Christmas arrives each year wrapped in equal parts nostalgia and theology, anchored by the Christian celebration of Jesus' birth in a humble manger—a story of light entering darkness in the most unexpected way. While December 25 wasn’t chosen because anyone verified the date, it became the symbolic moment to honor that sacred beginning, eventually layering spiritual meaning onto older winter festivals. We remember nativity scenes and candlelit services, yet the holiday we know today formed through centuries of cultural remixing, adaptation, and enthusiastic reinvention. Christmas feels ancient—like it descended fully formed…

Elizabeth Cochran

Thanksgiving: Gratitude, Mythmaking, and Telling the Whole Story

Thanksgiving is a holiday born from both myth and hard truth, rooted in a 1621 diplomatic feast and the long, painful history for Native peoples. The modern celebration of it, largely driven by 19th-century women and formalized during the Civil War, reflects our collective desire for unity and reflection. Today, Thanksgiving remains meaningful because we consciously blend gratitude with honesty, forging a holiday that embraces both joy and responsibility. Thanksgiving: America's favorite paradox—a holiday of warmth, of pie, of the comforting illusion that November is a calm month when, in fact, it's the Olympics of domestic labor. Every year, millions of women—let's be real—serve as the quiet general contractors of gratitude, orchestrating seating charts, brining schedules, and emotional landmines masquerading as relatives. But behind the soft glow of tablescapes and roasted perfection lies a history that just won't stay politely to the side.

Elizabeth Cochran

Empires of Anger: How Personal Grudges Reshaped Civilizations

Personal grudges have surprisingly played a very powerful role in shaping the course of civilizations, influencing wars, dynasties, and empires. Emotional conflicts among the leadership and their advisors often remade political and cultural courses from Ancient Rome through modern Europe. Human emotion is an invisible yet determining element in the history that shapes societies. Depiction of Julius Caeser conversing with the Senate.

Elizabeth Cochran

Monuments and Memory Holes: Who Gets to Be Remembered?

This article explores how monuments shape public memory and power: who gets remembered and who is erased. It contends that monuments, as political storytelling tools, often perpetuate historical hierarchies, while "memory holes" represent deliberate forgettings. The essay concludes that the future of commemoration should embrace dialogue, inclusion, and moral reflection over permanence and domination.

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Jean Michel Basquiat

Jean-Michel Basquiat transformed street graffiti into high art, merging race, history, and identity into visual poetry that challenged the cultural elite. His work exposed the contradictions of fame and the art market's uneasy relationship with Black genius. Though his life was brief, Basquiat's voice remains a pulse within modern art-raw, rhythmic, revolutionary. Jean-Michel Basquiat burst into the New York art scene like an electric shock in the early 1980s—young, defiant, and ablaze with talent. His meteoric rise from graffiti artist to international art-world darling is the stuff of legend. Yet Basquiat was never just a prodigy or a painter; he was a philosopher with a spray can, a historian with a brush, a poet who spoke in symbols and colors. His art didn't merely decorate; it needed to be read, deciphered, and felt.

Amanda Hicok

How Pandemics Changed Civilizations Throughout Time

Pandemics have refashioned civilizations by laying bare their vulnerabilities and forcing transformation. From the Plague of Athens through to COVID-19, each outbreak confronted society with moral, political, and structural weaknesses that reshaped economy, religion, and even conceptions of citizenship. Across time, disease has been both destroyer and designer, pushing humanity toward reinvention through the crucible of collective crisis. Depiction of a doctor during the Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague.

Amanda Hicok

The Secret Life of Archives

This essay explores the ways archives are lived spaces of power where silence comes to speak more than written history. It thinks through the politics of memory, the ethics of erasure, and how artists and scholars re-imagine these gaps through de-colonial and artistic processes. Lastly, it argues that the act of listening to silences in the archive is an act of radical truth-telling — one that re-orients the way we conceptualize history itself. Archives are far too often equated with static fact-vaults — dusty shelves of paper, clean boxes that speak truth to willing ears. But archives are not objective. They are edited silences, repositories not only of what was kept back, but of what was left out. Their apparent objectivity hides a quiet choreography of power: who is remembered, who is omitted, and who never even had the chance to speak in the first place. To that extent, the most revealing element of any archive isn't what it includes — it's what it doesn't have.

Amanda Hicok

When Myths Create the Facts

This article examines how myths often precede and shape historical “facts,” from ancient civilizations to modern media. It argues that myths function as social blueprints, not mere falsehoods—structuring belief systems, politics, and even science. In the digital age, viral narratives perpetuate this reversal, where fiction generates evidence rather than the other way around. Ultimately, the piece suggests that myths are not distortions of truth but its creative foundation. Historians like to imagine themselves as cartographers of truth—carefully charting the past, distinguishing the solid continents of fact from the drifting fog of legend. Yet more often than not, it’s the fog that decides the map. Myths don’t merely decorate history; they frequently determine it. From Romulus and Remus suckling a she-wolf to George Washington and his suspiciously well-behaved cherry tree, entire civilizations have been built upon stories that never happened but were too useful to abandon.…

Amanda Hicok

Forgotten Revolutions That Shaped the Modern World

Forgotten revolutions—whether in Japan, Haiti, or Harlem—show that transformative change often happens quietly, far from the barricades of history books. These movements, spanning politics, culture, and science, reshaped societies in ways we still live with today. By remembering them, we see that revolutions aren’t always loud, but their impact is undeniable. When we think of revolutions, images of guillotines, storming bastilles, or iconic speeches often come to mind. But the modern world has been shaped just as profoundly by quieter, overlooked revolutions. These are not always the ones that fill history textbooks; rather, they are the movements that quietly rewrote the rules of society, politics, technology, and culture. Understanding them is essential to appreciating the contours of our contemporary lives.

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Billie Holiday

Billie Holiday rose from poverty to become one of the most influential jazz singers of the twentieth century, known for her haunting voice and ability to transform songs into deeply personal stories. Her performance of “Strange Fruit” made her a pioneering figure in political music, even as racism and government persecution shaped her turbulent life. Despite dying young, her artistry and truth-telling cemented her legacy as Lady Day, a voice that still compels the world to listen. Billie Holiday, born Eleanora Fagan in 1915, emerged from hardship to become one of the most influential jazz vocalists of the twentieth century. Raised in poverty in Baltimore, her early life was marked by instability, abuse, and the struggle to find stability in a society that offered little support to Black women. Yet, it was precisely from this crucible of pain and resilience that her distinctive artistry would take shape. Holiday’s voice was not trained in the classical sense, but it was…

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace, the daughter of poet Lord Byron and mathematician Lady Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron, became the world’s first computer programmer through her visionary work on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Her detailed annotations, especially Note G, outlined the first algorithm and anticipated computers’ potential to create music, art, and more—decades before modern computing existed. Though overlooked in her lifetime, she is now celebrated as a pioneer whose blend of logic and imagination continues to inspire innovation and women in STEM. Ada Lovelace, born Augusta Ada Byron in 1815, is often hailed as the world’s first computer programmer—a distinction she earned decades before the concept of a “computer” as we know it even existed. The only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron and his mathematically inclined wife, Lady Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron, Ada was set apart early in life by her mother’s determination to nurture her in logic and mathematics rather…

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Hypatia of Alexandria

Hypatia of Alexandria was a brilliant 4th-century philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who taught Neoplatonic philosophy in a time of religious and political upheaval. Revered for her intellect and virtue, she became a symbol of classical wisdom during the rise of Christianity. Her violent death at the hands of a Christian mob marked a turning point in the decline of ancient intellectual traditions. Today, Hypatia remains an icon of reason, courage, and the enduring struggle for free thought. In the waning days of the Roman Empire, when the old gods were giving way to new religions and philosophy teetered on the edge of theological dogma, a woman named Hypatia stood as a symbol of intellectual resilience. Born in the 4th century CE in the Egyptian city of Alexandria—a city famed for its great library and vibrant confluence of cultures—Hypatia was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Unusually for her time, she was not only well-educated but revered as a public…

Amanda Hicok

Wisdom from Forgotten Civilizations

Mainstream philosophy often overlooks the rich wisdom of ancient, non-Western civilizations. Cultures like the Indus Valley, Nok, Aboriginal Australians, and the Moche expressed deep philosophical insights through architecture, ritual, and art rather than texts. Their worldviews emphasized ecological balance, community ethics, and spiritual interconnectedness. Rediscovering these forgotten philosophies offers a broader, more inclusive understanding of human thought. A rendering of an Indus Valley civilization.

Amanda Hicok

How Civilizations Collapse and Rise Again

Civilizations rise and fall through a mix of environmental pressures, internal mismanagement, and shifting complexity. Collapse often unfolds slowly, and while devastating, it can lead to transformation rather than extinction. History shows that human societies are both fragile and adaptable, capable of rebuilding in novel forms. In facing modern challenges, our task is to learn from the dust of empires past—to innovate before the unraveling begins. Satdeep Gill, Angkor Wat with its reflection (cropped), CC BY-SA 4.0

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir was a groundbreaking French philosopher and feminist who reshaped modern thought on gender, freedom, and ethics. Best known for The Second Sex, she argued that womanhood is socially constructed, not biologically fixed. Her activism, literature, and existential philosophy made her one of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers. Through bold theory and public action, Beauvoir challenged society to confront its treatment of women, aging, and human responsibility. Simone de Beauvoir never intended to be remembered merely as “Sartre’s companion.” A towering intellect in her own right, she was a writer, philosopher, and feminist icon who reshaped 20th-century thought about gender, freedom, and responsibility. Her work, particularly The Second Sex, didn’t just critique society—it cracked it open. Born in 1908 in Paris to a bourgeois family, she defied her conservative upbringing by pursuing rigorous philosophical training and entering the elite…

Amanda Hicok

Operation Paperclip: From Hitler's Labs to NASA

Operation Paperclip was a secret U.S. program that brought over 1,600 Nazi-affiliated scientists to America after WWII. These scientists, including Wernher von Braun, helped advance military and space technology. The program prioritized Cold War advantage over moral accountability, often hiding the participants’ Nazi ties. Its legacy remains controversial as a symbol of ethical compromise in the name of national interest. Arliebright, Karl Baur with Werner Von Braun, CC BY-SA 4.0

Amanda Hicok

Person From History—Sun Tzu

Sun Tzu, a legendary Chinese strategist, authored The Art of War, a timeless guide to strategy and leadership. His teachings emphasize intelligence, adaptability, and psychological insight over brute force. Rooted in Daoist philosophy, his legacy has influenced military, political, and business thinking across centuries. Even in the modern age, Sun Tzu’s wisdom remains a sharp lens through which to view power and conflict. Sun Tzu, the legendary Chinese military strategist and philosopher, is best known as the author of The Art of War, a timeless treatise on strategy, leadership, and conflict. Thought to have lived during the Eastern Zhou period (approximately 544–496 BCE), his life and identity are the subject of both historical reverence and scholarly debate. Despite the uncertainties surrounding his biography, the influence of his work has echoed through millennia, shaping not only the battlefields of ancient China but also the boardrooms and political arenas of the modern…

Amanda Hicok

The Lost Cities Under Our Feet

Modern cities are built atop ancient ones, with layers of forgotten civilizations lying just beneath our feet. These buried cities, from Rome to Mexico City, reveal the continuity—and fragility—of human settlement. Urban stratification turns excavation into time travel, raising questions about memory, progress, and what we choose to preserve. In every subway dig or street repaving, the past murmurs back. Beneath the bustling sidewalks of our modern metropolises lie ruins more ancient than our streetlights, subways, or Starbucks. The ground beneath our soles often hides entire cities—once-vibrant hubs of culture, commerce, and conquest—now entombed by time and concrete. From the submerged alleys of ancient Alexandria to the Roman villas under London’s financial district, modern civilization isn’t built next to history; it’s built on top of it. Quite literally, our skyscrapers are standing on the shoulders of buried giants.

Amanda Hicok

Person from History—Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind Franklin was a brilliant scientist whose X-ray work captured the iconic Photograph 51, crucial to the discovery of DNA’s double helix. Her contributions were overshadowed by Watson and Crick, who used her data without permission. Despite being denied recognition in her lifetime, Franklin's legacy has since been restored as a pioneering force in molecular biology. Her story is both a cautionary tale and a celebration of scientific brilliance. When we talk about DNA, names like James Watson and Francis Crick typically get all the spotlight—and occasionally a Nobel Prize. But in the shadow of the double helix stands Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray crystallography work provided the crucial photographic evidence that made their model possible. Franklin wasn’t just the woman with the microscope; she was the scientist who literally illuminated the shape of life. Yet for decades, she was relegated to a scientific footnote—until historians, feminists, and frankly, people with…

Amanda Hicok